Preliminary remark: The beginnings of the Württemberg legation in the Netherlands are closely linked to the history of the Subsidy Regiment Württemberg. After Duke Karl Eugen had made the regiment - generally known as the Cape or Indian Regiment - available to the Dutch East India Company, he sent the Captain of Penasse to Holland in November 1787 to take care of matters relating to subsidies. The authorized representative was at first temporarily, since the middle of the year 1788 permanently present in Middelburg. Among his successors the mission to the legation in The Hague expanded. After the suicide of the envoy of von Hügel in 1805, it remained vacant for more than two years before a Württemberg envoy was again accredited to the king's court in July 1807. With the occupation of Dutch territory by French troops, Württemberg's diplomatic representation in the Netherlands was also abolished, and in September 1814, following the formation of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, another envoy was sent to The Hague; however, the Consul General in Rotterdam, August Freiherr von Wächter, also served as the diplomatic representative until 1816. Until 1830, the seat of the legation changed between Utrecht, Amsterdam, Brussels and The Hague, depending on where the court was located. Due to the political changes in 1848, the Württemberg embassy in the Netherlands was abolished and the remaining tasks were transferred to the Württemberg consulate in the Netherlands. The representatives of Württemberg in the Netherlands were:Captain of Penasse, Chargé d'Affaires, 1787 - 1798Contamine, Chargé d'Affaires, 1798 - 1799Johann Christian Friedrich Freiherr von Hügel, Ministerresident, April 1799 - January 1805 Freiherr von Harmensen, extraordinary envoy and minister, July 1807 - September 1807Freiherr von Steube, extraordinary envoy and minister, October 1807 - February 1808Graf von Dürckheim-Montmartin, extraordinary envoy and authorized minister, February 1808 - September 1808Freiherr von Steube, extraordinary envoy and authorized minister, September 1808 - June 1810Freiherr Gremp von Freudenstein, extraordinary and authorized minister, October 1814 - April 1815August von Wächter, Consul General, Chargé d'Affaires, Prime Minister, April 1815 - October 1839Freiherr von Linden, appointed on 15 October 1808 - September 1808Freiberr von Steube, extraordinary envoy and authorized minister, September 1808 - June 1810August von Wächter, Consul General, Chargé d'Affaires, Prime Minister, April 1815 - October 1839Freiherr von Linden, appointed on 15 December 1818181839 October 1815, not accredited after his appointmentFreiherr von Reinhardt, Ministerresident, c. 1843Freiherr von Pfeil, Ministerresident, 1844 - 1848.the "Legation Archive" was brought to Stuttgart by Baron von Neuffer after Hügel's death and partly handed over to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, partly to the War College. In May 1807, the Legation Secretaries von Seeger and von Münch were instructed to record the files that had not yet been catalogued and to reunite the separate parts. Since the concept books left behind by Hügel were kept in chronological order, von Seeger refrained from ordering them by subject and formed chronological series. He made copies for the War Collegium of important processes concerning matters of subsidies. In July 1807, the newly appointed envoy of Harmensen took over the embassy registry in this state, and the order of registration created under von Seeger was not to be retained for the future. However, a comprehensive reorganization could not be carried out at first due to the change of envoys and legation secretaries. Only lists of new files were drawn up. It was not until March 1808 that the Legation Secretary of Münch was able to complete the necessary reorganization of the registry. The directories created by Seeger also received new signatures. The registry scheme designed by Münch with 10 group and one general fascicle was retained or extended for the following period. In the last decade of the Württemberg legation, however, more and more business technical series such as "Miszellaneen, Allerhand, Unerledigte Angelegenheiten, Varia u.a." were produced, so that these titles finally occupied one third of the stock. after the dissolution of the legation, the files were brought to Stuttgart, incorporated into the registry of the Foreign Ministry and handed over with documents of this provenance to the Haus- und Staatsarchiv around 1870. They comprised the inventories (=delivery) 42 and 43 of inventory E 70 legation files. The original handwritten repertories are now only available in a transcript made with a typewriter, and in 1976 the mixed holdings were revised to extract the written material from the legation in The Hague. The separation of the archival records and their assignment to the A and E groups, in accordance with the classification of the Main State Archives, was dispensed with, since the documents recorded for the first time in 1807 are closely related to the subsequent ones as preliminary files. For this reason, the series - concept books, relations and correspondences - were placed in front of the holdings when organizing the holdings. At the end of the factual exercises, the inputs and uses follow. They were taken over unchanged by indices because of their good development and extended by two additional tufts, so that they now make up more than a third of the stock. This can be explained by the research connected with the decline of the Cape Regiment. As a valuable supplement to the new indexing, reference is expressly made to the fully preserved registry aids. Until the introduction of the business diaries in September 1814, the events were recorded on the fascicle envelopes. The envelopes now form, exclusively III (Bü 126) and IV (Bü 129) Büschel 85, the following business daysÜbücher (1814 - 1848) Büschel 86. The previously valid archive signatures E 70 Verz. 42 and 43 with subsequent Büschel or Faszikelnummer were included in the data fields Vorsignaturen. The files of the Württemberg legation in The Hague cover the period 1787 - 1851. They document in a special way the consequences of the subsidy agreement concluded in the 18th century with the Dutch East Indian Company and the relationship between two states whose courts were related to each other. Further documents of the same subject which have grown up with other Württemberg authorities can be found in the Main State Archives mainly in the holdings A 33 Württembergisches Kapregiment and A 117 Netherlands. The stock now comprises 219 tufts in 4.1 linear metres. It was recorded and ordered by Walter Wannenwetsch from February to April 1976 as part of the training under the guidance of Oberarchivrat Dr. Cordes.Stuttgart 1976gez. Walter Wannenwetsch The completion of the present finding aid was carried out with the help of data processing on the basis of the MIDOSA program package of the State Archive Administration of Baden-Württemberg in the period from January to May 1988. At the same time as the inclusion of the title, the index terms were recorded, with a view to a later general index, separated into a place index, a person index and a subject index. The re-indexing as well as the input took place in the context of the training by the archive inspectors Corinna Pfisterer and Regina Keyler under guidance of the undersigned. Stuttgart, May 1988Kurt Hochstuhl

Foreword: Foreword Findbuch HHS I: Behörden- und Bestandsgeschichtliche Einleitung History of the Registraturbilders: The Handelshochschule Berlin is a foundation of the elders of the Berlin merchant community. It was opened in October 1906 and initially had the following tasks: ""To provide young merchants with in-depth general and commercial education, taking constant account of practical circumstances; "to give prospective commercial school teachers the opportunity to acquire the necessary theoretical and practical specialist training; "to provide judicial, administrative, consular and chamber of commerce officials, etc., with the opportunity to work in the field of business administration. (1) The training should not, however, serve exclusively practical purposes, but the scientific character of the new institution should occupy an important place in the effectiveness of the new university. This condition had also been imposed by the Ministers for Trade and Commerce and for Spiritual, Teaching and Medical Matters in the approval of the Order of 27.12.1903, whereby special reference was made to "keeping the Handelshochschule at the same level as the other Berlin universities"(2) At the time of the opening, the teaching staff consisted of 8 lecturers in the main office 30 lecturers in the secondary office 13 private lecturers 4 assistants Students, guest students and listeners were admitted to study. The admission requirements stipulated that, in addition to merchants entitled to "one-year voluntary service" and having completed their apprenticeship, high school graduates and teachers could also be admitted to the 2nd teacher training examination. The curriculum provided for the following subjects: Economics: banking, stock exchange, monetary and credit affairs, cooperatives, transportation, trade, commerce, agricultural, colonial and social policy, statistics, finance, insurance, commercial history, economic geography Legal studies: civil law, commercial law, commercial law, bill of exchange and maritime law, insurance law, social legislation, industrial property law, prosecution (international transport), state, administrative and international law, criminal law Commodities science:Physics, Chemistry, Mechanical Technology, Chemical Technology, Industrial Health Commercial Engineering: Accounting, Commercial Accounting, Correspondence Methodology of Commercial Education Languages: English, French, Spanish, Italian, Russian, German (for foreigners) General Humanities: History, History of Art, History of Literature, Philosophy The duration of the studies was 2 years. After completing their studies, students had the opportunity to take both an examination for practical business people and a diploma examination. (3) In the years 1912, 1920, 1924, 1927 and 1937, the examination regulations were amended several times in accordance with the changed conditions and requirements for graduates of the Handelshochschule or were completely revised. Apart from the diploma examination, the commercial teacher examination could also be taken. (4) In addition, diploma commercial teachers had the opportunity to take an additional examination in the writing subjects and office economics. (5) The examination regulations from 1937, which applied until 1945, also provided for the possibility of a diploma examination as an economist, which, however, could only be taken since 1944 at the Berlin School of Economics. (6) The constitution of the Handelshochschule of 15.11.1923 made admission to studies dependent on the acquisition of a school leaving certificate and set the duration of studies at 4 years. Since 1928, it had been possible to take the special matriculation examination in order to obtain a university entrance qualification, which was prepared by so-called "private matriculation examination courses". The number of students in the years 1906-1933 rose from 213 in the winter semester 1906/1907 to 1184 in the winter semester 1919/20, 1234 in the winter semester 1928/29 and reached the highest number of 1260 in the summer semester 1932. In the years 1933-1945 the number of students including guest students and visitors ranged between 500 and 1700. (7) The first official course catalogue of the summer semester 1907 announced lectures in the following fields of knowledge: Economics Economics Law Economic Geography and Economic History Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, Commodities Technology Languages Theory and Practice of Commercial Education General Scientific Education Skills (short writing) It should be particularly emphasized that lectures on colonial politics and colonial economics occupied a large space within economics. (8) Apart from some changes and additions, the structure of the curriculum remained constant. In addition, the curriculum was included in the following years: Insurance Cooperative Studies Physics and Chemistry were reported as separate courses. Lectures on "Russian economic conditions" and "Eastern Europe" were also announced in the SS 1914. In the winter semester of 1917/18 the lecturer Dr. lic. Rohrbach said in his lecture "German World Politics" that he still had to talk about the "struggle for the rise of the Germans to a world people". After the November Revolution, which, according to the report of the then rector, Prof. Leitner, was a consequence of "the violent end of the world war by the superiority of matter and the internal enemies of the people" (10), many lectures dealt with economic and general political problems of the post-war period. (So e.g. "Development of the political parties a Germany - L. Bergsträsser - Lessons of the World War - Wegener -) Germany's geographical, political and economic world position (The encirclement as a result of our geographical disadvantages - Liberation from the predicament - Rohrbach-) (11) Lectures for the Berlin teaching staff in which the following topics were dealt with were new: "The Foundations of Socialism" (The Doctrine of Class Struggle, Socialist Value Doctrine, Socialism of Action, socialist theories of state) "The economic theories and their Connection with the intellectual movement of modern times" (12) As of SS 1923, the term "business administration" was introduced instead of "private economics". The structure of the syllabus and curriculum remained essentially the same until 1935. In May 1935, the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Popular Education issued "Guidelines for the Study of Economics", which corresponded entirely to the aims of fascist university policy: Orientation of the teaching staff and students towards the unscientific theories of National Socialism that are hostile to the people and people. Thus the following lecture topics appeared in the lecture timetables of the years 1935/36-1945: "Germanistic Prehistory" "People, especially People Becoming a People as the Sense of the National Revolution "The German Abroad and its Schools" "People and Race" "States", especially Workers and Entrepreneurs for the Sociology of the Operating Community) "State", especially Economy and Space "National Economy", especially Daily Questions of National Socialist Economic Policy, Military Science, Military Science "Business Administration", especially Human Management in Companies, Foreign Trade Businesses under the Influence of the New Plan, Warfare and Transport Routes, The establishment of the Handelshochschule is part of the period of the development of capitalism, free competition with imperialism, and the establishment of the Handelshochschule is part of the period of the development of capitalism. German imperialism, which was neglected in the division of the world between the imperialist great powers, also put the educational institutions at the service of its economic expansion policy. The cadres needed to cope with these tasks had to have a higher level of training than the business people trained at technical colleges. In this sense, the then rector of the Handelshochschule, Prof. Leitner, in a memorandum written in December 1919 to obtain the right to award doctorates, also spoke of the fact that "the development of Germany from an agricultural state to an industrial state, the emergence of large and giant industrial enterprises, the expansion of national trade to international and world trade, finally the concentration and expansion in the German banking industry towards the end of the last century had necessitated the establishment of special technical colleges for merchants and higher commercial officials. (13) Thus the commercial college objectively served to strengthen and consolidate the imperialist system. The connection with commercial, industrial and bank capital was particularly close because the Handelshochschule had been part of the business division of the Berlin Chamber of Industry and Commerce since July 1920. Franz von Mendelssohn: Banker, former President of the Berlin Chamber of Industry and Commerce Philipp Vielmetter: General Director of Knorr-Bremse AG, Vice President of the Berlin Chamber of Industry and Commerce, Treasurer of the Gesellschaft der Freunde der Handelshochschule Karl Gelpcke: Director of Hypothekenbank Hamburg, President of the Berlin Chamber of Industry and Commerce Friedrich Reinhart: Prussian State Councillor, President of the Berlin Chamber of Construction Economics, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Commerz- und Privatbank AG The administration of the Handelshochschule was initially carried out by the eldest members of the Berlin business community. The so-called "Grand Council of the College of Commerce", to which the members belonged, existed as an advisory body: "The President of the College of Elders, two representatives of the State Government, the Rector of the Handelshochschule, one representative of the Berlin University, one representative of the Technische Hochschule Berlin, six delegates of the College of Elders, two members of the Finance Commission, three lecturers employed in the main office and to be elected by the teaching staff, a member of the Berlin City Council, a member of the Berlin City Assembly, a member of the Chamber of Commerce, the General Counsel of the School of Management, five other outstanding personalities appointed by the elders of the commercial team who have confirmed their interest in the School of Management." (15) The Rector of the College of Commerce was elected for 3 years, later for 2 years by the College of Lecturers and had to be confirmed by the Minister of Commerce and Industry, who was entrusted with the supervision of the school by the Prussian State Government. The supervision was initially carried out by a representative in the Grand Council, later by a so-called "State Commissioner". There were 7 institutes and seminars when the university was founded. From winter term 1918/19 the 1st syndic of the corporation was appointed as curator of the university. With effect from 1.7.1920, the corporation of the merchants was incorporated into the Berlin Chamber of Industry and Commerce and thus the commercial college was subordinated to the Berlin Chamber of Industry and Commerce. In addition to the "Grand Council", a college of commerce administration commission was formed, the majority of which consisted of representatives of commercial, industrial and bank capital. The Administrative Commission had the task of taking care of the administrative affairs of the university. The university counted at that time 8 Ordinarien 33 lecturers in the Nebenamt 1 Privatdozenten 37 lecturers and 7 Lektors it existed at that time now 14 institutes and seminars. The constitution of the commercial college of 22.10.1923, which replaced the order of 21.12.1903, reorganised the constitutional status of the college. (16) The names of the members of the teaching staff have been brought into line with those of the university. So there were only professors, lecturers, private lecturers, assistant lecturers and lecturers at the university. As a representative of the teaching staff, the "Dozentenkollegium" was created, to which only the professors belonged with seat and vote, and 2 representatives of the remaining teaching staff. Without voting rights 2 further members were admitted. The teaching staff had the task of monitoring the completeness of the teaching, submitting proposals for appointments and deciding on the admission of private lecturers. In addition, the board of lecturers elected the rector, whose term of office was 2 years. The professors were appointed by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry subject to confirmation by the Ministers of Commerce and Industry and Science, Arts and Popular Education. The so-called State Treaty, which was concluded between the Minister for Trade and Commerce and the President of the Chamber of Industry and Commerce on 16.7.1926, granted the Handelshochschule Berlin the rights of a university according to the provisions of the General Land Law. In this respect, the Handelshochschule was placed on an equal footing with the other universities and colleges. (17) The right to award doctorates, which has been demanded by all members of the teaching staff for years, has also been conferred on the university. (18) The right of habilitation had already been held by the Handelshochschule since 22.5.1915. (19) A board of trustees was appointed for the administration of the Handelshochschule. In addition, it was stipulated that the bodies otherwise existing at universities should also be formed, e.g. a senate which had not existed until then. The Board of Trustees consisted of the following members: the President of the Chamber of Industry and Commerce or his deputy, a second executive chairman appointed by the President after hearing the Chamber of Industry and Commerce, 7 members elected by the Chamber of Commerce, the Rector and Prorector of the School of Commerce or their deputies, and the corresponding full-time professors with an advisory vote in matters relating to individual areas of teaching. The appointment of these members took place for 3 years. In detail, the Board of Trustees had the following tasks: Decision on the purchase and sale of real property Employment of the civil servants and employees required for the administration Provision of expert opinions on the organisation of university teaching and suggestions in this respect Management of other university business, insofar as they have not been transferred to other bodies and do not relate to teaching and research State supervision was exercised by a State Commissioner appointed by the Minister for Trade and Industry. By the II. Ordinance of 29 October 1932 on the Simplification and Reduction of the Price of Administration (Pr. G.S., p. 333), the state supervision of the Handelshochschule Berlin was transferred to the then Prussian Minister of Science, Art and Popular Education, who fulfilled his duties and rights in the same manner as before. By decision of the Prussian State Ministry of 1 Nov. 1935, the Handelshochschule was given the new name "Wirtschaftshochschule Berlin". At the same time, the right to award doctorates was extended to include "Dr.rer.Pol.". The economics lessons at the University of Berlin and the former Berlin School of Economics were merged. (20) This form of organisation was maintained until 1945. In winter semester 1943/44 the teaching staff consisted of 14 full professors 1 extraordinary professor 5 honorary professors 4 lecturers 53 assistant lecturers 7 lecturers (21) There were 12 institutes and seminars. Institute of Finance Economics Seminar Insurance Science Seminar Institute of Industrial Business Administration Business Economics Seminars Legal Seminars Archive for Trade and Business Law Political Seminar Geographical Seminar Physical-Chemical Seminar Business Education Seminar British-American Seminar Outside the Association of the University, the following academic institutions were also available: 1st Berlin Institute of Higher Education for Insurance Science, which, in addition to the Business School, was also available to the University and the Technical University 2nd Institute for Office Economics 3rd Berlin Institute of Higher Education for Insurance Science, which was also available to the University and the Technical University 2nd Institute for Office Economics 3rd Institute of Business Administration, which was available to the University and the Technical University of BerlinResearch Centre for Trade at the Reichskuratorium für Wirtschaftlichkeit 4.From the very beginning, the members of the teaching staff included well-known bourgeois scholars who had trained a completely different generation of executives in business and administration, such as Professors Bernhard: (Georg) Volkswirtschaft Binz: Chemie Bonn: Economics Eltzbacher: Law Eulenburg: Economics Heilfron: Law Hellauer: Commercial Science Jastrow: Political Science Marten: Physics Mellerowicz: Business Administration Nicklisch: Business Administration Preuß: Law Schücking: Law Sombart: Political Science Tiessen: Geography Valentin: Politics Wegener: Geography During the years 1933-1945 also typical representatives of the fascist ideology and representatives of the German monopoly capital worked, like the professors Weber: Jurisprudence (today leading member of the NPD, professor in Göttingen, in the brown book of the GDR registers) Hettlage: (today professor in Mainz, state secretary, member of the high authority of the European community for coal and steel, in the brown book of the GDR registers) v. Arnim: Rector of the Technische Hochschule Berlin, SA-Gruppenführer Reithinger: Head of the Economics Department of IG-Farben, Berlin NW 7 Registratur- und Bestandsgeschichte Registraturverhältnisse: In the course of organizing and recording the holdings, it was established that the existing file units must have been kept in a central registry. There is a continuous signing of the hand-stitched files (Roman numerals I - XIX), whereby small Latin letters were used in addition to the subdivision. A registration scheme was not available, so that it was not possible to determine which criteria formed the basis for the formation of the individual groups. In the course of the office reform, the conversion to a file registration system took place early (approx. 1920). New signatures - also Roman numerals I - XVII - with subdivision (Arabic numerals), e.g. II I - were used. There are file directories from the years 1933 and 1936. Subsequently, 17 main groups had been formed, subdivided according to need with Arabic numerals. It can be seen from the remaining parts of the registry that from 1940 onwards only Arabic numerals were used to identify the file units. Registry directories could not be determined. It must be assumed that most of these files were destroyed by the effects of war. Access, completeness, cassation: The transfer of the holdings, which were located in the building of the former business school, since 1946 Faculty of Economics of the Humboldt University, took place in 2 stages. The part stored on the floor was added to the archive in 1964, the one in the cellar in 1967. In March 1970 a remainder of approx. 2 running metres was found in a cellar of the building. The collection also included about 7000 student personal files, which were stored alphabetically. With regard to the completeness of the holdings, it should be noted that, following a comparison with the list of files from 1936 on the standing file registry of 635 files established since 1920, only 170 files remain. However, it should be noted that the files formed after 1 October 1936 do not appear in the register, so that an exact determination is not possible. There are also no directories of the previous files kept since 1906. The student personnel files seem to have been almost completely handed down. It is assumed that a large proportion of the files were destroyed as a result of the building damage caused by an air raid in February 1945. With the takeover of the files of the business school, at the same time about 200 files of the board of trustees of the business school were added to the archive, which were handed over to the city archive of Greater Berlin for reasons of responsibility. The only thing that was collected for the purpose of researching the history of the business school was completely worthless file units, such as vouchers, lists, announcements and manuscripts of the lecture timetables, which can only be regarded as preparation material for the printed lecture timetables. Archival processing: The traditional registry order could not be used as a basis for organizing the holdings. The majority of the file titles have also been reformulated. 12 main groups with the corresponding subgroups were formed and the file units were classified accordingly. 1.Constitution and management of the university 2.Teaching and training 3.Award of academic degrees 4.Teaching staff 5.Relations with domestic and foreign universities, colleges and other scientific institutions 6.Public activities of the commercial college (business school) 7.Associations and associations 8.Disciplinary matters 9.Social support for students 10.Libraries 11.Household and finance 12.Assets of the business school A subject and name register facilitate the user's work on the holdings. The order and the distortion of the inventory took place in the years 1968 - 1970 by the undersigned. Berlin in May 1970, Kossack footnotes: (1) "Ordnung der Handelshochschule der Korporation der Kaufmannschaft von Berlin vom 21.12.1903" in: "Handelshochschule Berlin - Organisation und Lehrplan der Handelshochschule der Korporation der Kaufmannschaft von Berlin", 3rd edition, Berlin 1906, pp. 14 ff. (2)Ebenda, p. 6 (3)Cf. in addition: "Draft of an examination regulation for the diploma examination at the Handelshochschule der Korporation der Kaufmannschaft von Berlin vom 6.6.1906" (4)Ebenda, p. 31 (5)Cf. " Regulation of the additional examination for diploma commercial teachers in the writing subjects and office economics of 4.9.1928 (6)Cf.3. 1937" (7)Cf. "Deutsche Hochschulstatistik WS 1928/29, WS 1930/31, WS 1932/33", "Berlin 1929 - 1933" and "Zehnjahresstatistik des Hochschulbesuchungen und der Abschlussprüfungen, 1. volume, Hochschulbesuch, bearbeitet von Prof. Dr. Charlotte Lorenz, Universität Berlin", Berlin 1943 (8)Cf. "Handelshochschule Berlin, Vorlesungen und Übungen im Wintersemester 1907/08 und folgende.". (9)See course catalogue WS 1917/18, p. 35 (10)See "Handelshochschule Berlin. Report on the rectorate period October 1918/20, reported by the rector of the Handelshochschule, Prof. Dr. Leitner, Berlin 1921", p. 6 (11)Cf. to "Handelshochschule Berlin. Amtliches Verzeichnis der Vorlesungen und Übungen SS 1919", p. 32,39,29 (12)Ebenda WS 1919/20, p. 50/51 (13)Cf. Report on the rectorate period October 1918/20, submitted by the rector of the Handelshochschule, Prof. Friedrich Leitner, Berlin 1921, p. 29 (14)/ (15)Cf. "Ordnung der Handelshochschule der Korporation der Kaufmannschaft von Berlin vom 21. December 1903/04, January 1904", § 3 in: "Handelshochschule Berlin - Opening October 1906 - Organization and Curriculum of the Handelshochschule der Korporation der Kaufmannschaft von Berlin", Berlin 1906 (16)See Constitution of the Handelshochschule Berlin (17)The wording of the contract is in: Ebenda, Nr. 10 (18)Cf. Promotionsordnung der Handelshochschule Berlin vom 18.1.1927 (19)Cf. "Die Entwicklung der Handelshochschule Berlin von 1913 - 1916" by Prof. Dr. P. Eltzbacher, Berlin 1916, S, 3 (20)Only a copy of the decree of the Reich Minister for Science, Education and People's Education (W Ie 2703 vom 8.11.1935) could be determined in: U.A. der H.U. Rektorat vor 1945, Nr. 257 (21)Cf. Wirtschaftshochschule Berlin, Vorlesungsverzeichnis WS 1943/44, S. 23 ff Zitierweise: HU UA, Business School Berlin.01, No. XXX. HU UA, WHB.01, No. XXX.

History of the Inventory Designer: Created on 15.2.1916 at the Admiralstab as a collection point for files from the naval area. The Marine Archives emerged from the collection point. The tasks of the War Science Department included the preparation of a naval warfare book on the First World War, the collection of official documents, evaluation of the naval war 1942-44, and the history of the Reich and war machine. The war science department of the Navy was ultimately under the command of the chief of naval warfare. Description of the holdings: On 15 February 1916, the War Science Department was created at the Admiralstab and assigned, among other things, the task of collecting files from the naval area, from which the naval archive emerged. Its most important tasks consisted in the work on the naval warfare work on the First World War, the official records collection 1928-1937, the evaluation of important events of the naval war 1942-1944 and the series "Taktik" 1939-1941 comprising eight issues. On 22 January 1936 the naval archives received the name Kriegswissenschaftliche Abteilung der Marine (at the same time research institute). It was last subordinated to the Chief of Naval Warfare and was divided into three groups for general business operations and the Naval Archives, for the descriptive processing of war events and research work on the official naval warfare work from 1939, finally for the conclusion of the naval warfare work 1914-1918 and the presentation of the history of the Reich Navy and Navy up to the beginning of the Second World War. Announcements and current orders Nov. 1918 - March 1945, preliminary work and drafts "The War at Sea 1914-1918", reports on Revolution 1918, hand and business files of the employees of the department responsible for the naval war from 1939. Characterisation of the contents: The collection mainly comprises announcements and current orders from November 1918 to March 1945, as well as preliminary work and drafts for the naval warfare work "Der Krieg zur See 1914-1918", including in particular materials for the volumes "Der Krieg in der Nordsee" VII, "Der Krieg in der Ostsee" III, "Der Handelskrieg mit U- Booten" III and IV, which did not appear until 1945, and collected reports on the 1918 revolution. Furthermore there are hand and business files of the employees of the department responsible for the naval war from 1939 onwards, including important original documents of the Imperial Navy from the time of the 1st World War. State of development: Findbuch, Archivalienverzeichnis Umfang, Explanation: Inventory without increase 43.0 lfm 1967 AE citation: BArch, RM 8/...

Inventory description: Following the imminent prohibition of the Great General Staff by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, various military personnel (including Hans v. Seeckt, Wilhelm Groener, Hermann Ritter Mertz v. Quirnheim and Hans v. Haeften) endeavoured to be able to continue the former war-historical department of the Great General Staff as a civilian institution for future military historiography and evaluation of world war experience. After approval by the Reich Cabinet, the war-historical section was therefore taken over by the Reichsarchiv, newly founded on October 1, 1919, due to the dissolution of the Großen Generalstab. The first president of the Reichsarchiv was Major General Hermann Ritter Mertz v. Quirnheim until 31 October 1931, and Colonel Hans v. Haeften became head of the war history department. In addition to its function as the archival centre for the history of the German Reich since 1867, the Reichsarchiv also served as a research centre for the development of a major World War II work and for the evaluation of the war experiences of the World War II from 1914 to 1918 for the Reichswehr and a future rearmament. In 1924 the war history department was renamed the Historical Department. Its main task was to elaborate and publish the official military World War II work, together with the supplementary volumes on war armaments and war economy as well as the field railway system. She was also responsible for the publication of the series "Schlachten des Weltkrieges" ("Battles of the World War"); she also supported the "Erinnerungsblätter deutscher Regimenter" ("Memory Sheets of German Regiments") and the "Forschungen und Darstellungen aus dem Reichsarchiv" ("Researches and Presentations from the Reichsarchiv"). On November 1, 1931, retired Major General von Haeften became President of the Reichsarchiv, and his successor as Director of the Historical Department was Lieutenant Colonel Wolfgang Foerster. After the National Socialist seizure of power and the transition to open rearmament, the Reichsarchiv was reorganised according to military criteria. The official military and war historiography and military archives became the task of the Wehrmacht. From April 1, 1934, the Historical Department was under the control of the Reichswehr Ministry; one year later, it was completely removed from the Reichsarchiv and renamed the "Forschungsanstalt für Kriegs- und Heeresgeschichte" (Research Institute for War and Army History). On 1 April 1937 it was given the name "Kriegsgeschichtliche Forschungsanstalt des Heeres" (War Historical Research Institute of the Army), to which the library and printing works of the Reichsarchiv also passed. The military archives of the Reichsarchiv were taken over by the Heeresarchiv in Potsdam, which was newly founded on 1 April 1936. The former director of the research institute was promoted to president of the department. Foerster held this position until the end of the war. As a subordinate office of the Chief of the General Staff of the Army, the KGFA was now subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the Army. In the autumn of 1938, the General Staff re-established the office of Oberquartiermeister V under Lieutenant General Dr. Waldemar Erfurth, who was responsible for all war-historical and archival facilities of the army (7th War Science Department in the General Staff, Chief of the Army Archives, War History Research Institute). The KGFA was exclusively responsible for military historical research with the continuation and conclusion of the World War II work as well as the supplementary volumes. In addition, the research and presentation of the post-war fights of German troops and free corps as well as the fights in the colonies should be started. With the outbreak of the Second World War, however, Foerster's planned completion of work on the World War II plant at the end of 1942 was considerably delayed. At the end of September 1942, the KGFA was placed under the authority of Walter Scherff, the newly appointed "Representative of the Führer for Military Historiography" and head of the War History Department in the High Command of the Wehrmacht, Colonel (later Major General) Walter Scherff, on 17 May 1942. During the British air raid on Potsdam on 14 April 1945, extensive documents and archives were destroyed by fire, a large part of which had already been destroyed in an air raid on 14 February 1945. De facto the work of the War Historical Research Institute of the Army also ended with this. Structure of the KGFA (Source: RH 61/72): 1st President: Head of the Central Office (Z), at the same time responsible for personnel (ZP), budget (ZH) and mobilization matters (g. Kdos.); Head of Administration (ZV), for Central Office (ZB) with registry, post office, chancellery and printing office 2nd Division A: Director Group I : World War Plant Group II: War Armaments and War Economy 3rd Division A: Director Group I: World War Plant Group II: War Armament and War Economy 3rd Division A: War Department Department B: Director Group III: Colonial War Group IV: Military Railways Group VII: Research on 1918 Group VIII: Franktireur War Group IX: History of Heavy Artillery Group 4: Independent Groups Group V: Post-War Battles Group VI: Maps Group X: War and Army History up to the Beginning of the World War Group XI: Research Association for Post-War History Group XII: Individuals Library Other General Tasks: Warschuldfragen, Verwaltungsgeschichte Belgiens, Wehrwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, Reichsinstitut für Geschichte des neuen Deutschlands Vorgänger der Kriegsgeschichtlichen Forschungsanstalt (KGFA) was the war history department of the Great General Staff of the Prussian Army, which was dissolved at the beginning of the war in 1914 and newly formed in the Reich Archives in 1919. Characterisation of the contents: The military archives of the German Reich suffered extraordinarily large losses during the Second World War, above all due to the destruction of the files remaining in the army archives during the Allied air raid on Potsdam on 14 April 1945. This also affected the documents of the Kriegsgeschichtliche Forschungsanstalt. Employees of the civilian Reich Archives and the Army Archives in Potsdam who had worked on behalf of the Soviet occupying forces until February 1946 were, however, able to recover large parts of the files of the Kriegsgeschichtliche Forschungsanstalt from the damaged building. They were transferred to the Central Archive of the Soviet Occupation Zone (later the Central State Archive of the GDR), which was newly founded in July 1946, where they were grouped under the "Reichsarchiv" holdings. The holdings were rearranged by the Central State Archives of the GDR in Potsdam and recorded by hand on index cards. For the most part, the traditional file titles were adopted, but in many cases supplemented by "Contained" notes. After it had been processed, the documents of the research institute were separated from the remaining documents of the Reichs- und Heeresarchiv and in the mid-1980s handed over to the military archive of the National People's Army (NVA) in Potsdam. The files were stored there under the inventory designation W 10. After the state end of the GDR, the documents were transferred to the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv in Freiburg in 1994 and were added to the existing holdings in Freiburg. The KGFA documents contained in RH 61 arose primarily in connection with the work on the World War II plant. It includes business files, correspondence files, research papers, studies, field reports, manuscript drafts, fair copies, flag proofs, copies of files of military and political authorities and agencies, of war diaries and personal records of officers, as well as notes of editors and newspaper clippings. In addition, detached parts of original documents, in a few cases even entire files, from the Reich Archives or Army Archives are in the process of being handed down. The documents offer an important replacement for the considerable war-related gaps in the records of the Prussian-German army before 1919. The present provisional index (copy of the index cards) of the KGFA holdings consists of the two parts of the records in Freiburg (RH 61) and formerly in Potsdam (formerly W 10). It is intended to merge the two separate stocks. State of development: Online-Findbuch Scope, Explanation: 2500 Citation method: BArch, RH 61/...

Preliminary remark: On 3 January 1907, War Minister von Marchtaler ordered the establishment of a special war archive, abbreviated to K. A., of the Central Department of the War Ministry. It shall administer and maintain the existing old files of the War Ministry, its so-called old registry, keep and process the officer stock lists kept until 1874, other older files of the War Ministry or the War Ministry. of its departments, if for historical or other reasons they seemed to be worthy of preservation, to collect documents of permanent military or war-historical value from authorities, military units and private individuals, from whom they may retain title, and to reclaim the archival records handed over to the Haus- und Staatsarchiv in 1900 as soon as space conditions permitted.In addition, surveys on the history of the Württemberg army and troops and on the personal circumstances of former officers, as far as they were to be taken from the existing officer stock lists and were primarily of a statistical nature, surveys on circumstances and institutions in the Württemberg army, as far as the then existing ones were not touched and as far as they resulted from the files kept at the war archive, were transferred to the war archives.In addition to the library of the Ministry of Württemberg, which remained in the Central Department, the new institution had to acquire as many troop histories, biographies of Württemberg officers and rankings, court and state handbooks as possible, as well as several rooms in the building of the Ministry, which were too small altogether, and which did not allow for a satisfactory arrangement of the archives. This did not change until 1914, when the new building of the War Minister Jum could be occupied. The management was taken over by the colonel (retired) Wilhelm Strack von Weißenbac, who had been aggregated to the minis rium and who was still assigned a paymaster aspirant and, if required, individual non-commissioned officers and teams were commanded to provide assistance. The incoming documents - archive, library and collection material - were to be divided uniformly into 16, Roman-counted "series", whose titles were "Königliches Haus und Land", "Organisation und Formation des Militärs", "Feldzüge", "Handbibliothek", "Bau- und Festungspläne", "Stempelsammlung" and others. The further splitting into "series" resulted in signatures of up to five sections for the individual volumes and tufts (e.g. 11010 A f). To what extent preserved, very concise find book, which breaks off with Group III "Campaigns", covers all or only parts of the documents collected and recorded up to the outbreak of World War II, must remain open. On the whole, the war archives did not show any significant development: during the war Strack still had a small collection of newspaper clippings on individual fights, until he died on August 9, 1917. At almost the same time, Major Winter, who had been commanded to provide services in the War Archives since 1915, was placed at the disposal of the Deputy General Command, while Major Osterberg, retired Adolf Osterberg, was assigned to provide services to the War Ministry on 1 June 1915, namely its newly formed War History Department. By the end of the war the number of employees had risen to 27, including those employed only temporarily, 41, mostly reserve officers and Landsturm members. At the end of September 1916 the department was renamed "Kriegsarchiv 1", abbreviated to Kr. A. 1, while the previous Kriegsarchiv was given the name "Kriegsarchiv II", abbreviated to Kr. A. II. : The War Archive I had the task of collecting war diaries made by the field troops, viewing them and sending them to the Deputy General Staff of the Army in Berlin for transcription and examination, to show the "share of the Württemberg troops in the World War" in a sober scientific presentation by some officers who had been damaged by the war and had been ordered to the War Ministry, and to show them, with the help of the former War Minister von Schnürlen, the "share of the Württemberg troops in the World War", (1)in the series "Schwäbische Kunde aus dem großen Krieg" to describe and publish individual combat experiences in more popular form, (2)to create a collection of portraits of officers and army officials killed during the war and to publish them in the form of a commemorative plaque, "outstanding deeds of officers and individual troop divisions" and "heroic deeds", d. to present and publish the results of the war in a more popular form.h. to process reports requested by the field troops on the deeds of the non-commissioned officers and teams awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class or the Golden Medal of Military Merit, and to forward them to the local press, to talk about special achievements in combat in lectures and to make the texts available to the public. As the name suggests, they were presented immediately at the express request of the latter, then evaluated in the departments of the War Ministry, and finally, after a certain period of time, handed over to the War Archive I for permanent safekeeping and inspection for the aforementioned war-historical series. In January 1916, on the instructions of the War Minister, the thematic collection of newspaper clippings, which had been kept by the department since the beginning of the war and which had been added at that time until March 1915, was transferred to the War Archive I in order to be brought up to date here as quickly as possible. The individual subject areas of the collection were now designated with capital letters and further subdivided as of October 1917. As with the Central Department, excerpts from the Schwäbisches Merkur and other daily newspapers were collected, including the "Berner Bund", the "Münchener Neueste Nachrichten", and the "Vossische Zeitung", among others, while the Württemberg party papers pronounced as "Beobachter" or "Tagwacht" continued to be evaluated by the Central Department for the series remaining there. In August 1918, the collection was transferred to the newly created "Department H" of the Ministry, later "Ministerial Department". This department subdivided the excerpts from July into 17 new subject groups, which lasted until November, occasionally December 1918, and were brought to an end again in the War Archive after the dissolution of the Ministerial Department at the beginning of 1919. In the spring of 1918 there were five (working) groups a-e, some of which overlapped somewhat in their competence, and in the autumn of 1918 - after the formation of the ministerial department - they were regrouped into the groups a-d. The groups a-e were then divided into two groups. (3) : After the end of the war, Lieutenant Colonel (retired) Osterberg was reassigned to the General Command on 13 January 1919. A few days earlier, the staff of the Kriegsarchiv I had already elected Friedrich Hötzer, the vice sergeant of the Landwehr, from among its members to the board of directors. At the same time, the temporary closure was discussed, but it did not take place. In any case, the former commander of the mountain regiment, Major Theodor Sproesser, was commanded to the War Archive I on 23 April 1919.The "Kriegsarchiv" (War Archive), which Sproesser then managed until the end of 1920, united the previously separate War Archives 1 and II; it continued to form a department of the War Ministry and from August 1919 was subordinate to its successor, the Reichswehrbefehlsstelle Württemberg, and from October 1919 to the Landeskommandanten, while the personnel was made available by the Heeresabwicklungsamt Württemberg or the subordinate Abwicklungsamt of the former War Ministry. After protracted negotiations about the future shape of the military archives and, among other things, about a possible continuation of the work "Anteil der württembergischen Truppen am Weltkrieg" (Share of the Württemberg troops in the World War), the war archive was moved at the end of December 1920 from the building of the former Ministry of War in Stuttgart, Olgastraße 13 to the former rifle magazine of the secondary artillery depot in Stuttgart, Gutenbergstraße 109, and in January / March 1921 formally integrated into the then Reichsnebenarchiv, the future Reichsarchiv branch.As business transactions, as mentioned above, at first almost and later still to a considerable extent ran through other departments of the Ministry, mainly the Central Department, no systematic filing of documents developed for the War Archives during its existence. The main part of the Kriegsarchiv II consisted of archive material received from other provenance sites; Kriegsarchiv I focused on the drafts and, in part, fair copies of the series and individual writings processed here, followed by the reports of the troops received for safekeeping, among others.In the Reichsarchivzweigstelle / Heeresarchiv a part of these documents has been combined with other relevant documents to form new pertinence stocks: The various newspaper cuttings collections of the Ministry were added to the later stock M 731 "Druckschriften und Zeitungsausschnittsammlungen" and in individual cases continued until 1938/1942.The field postal letters were partly newly compiled and by a multiplicity of further letters they belong today to the holdings M 750/1-3 "field postal letters I-III". The photographs collected for the work "Anteil der Württembergischen Truppen am Weltkrieg" (share of the Württemberg troops in the World War) should form the basis of the holdings M 705/1 "Königsalben" (king's ointments) under inclusion of no longer individually ascertainable extensions.Photographs of fallen officers were stored in the stocks M 707 - M 709 "Portrait Collections I-III" without this always being possible to prove. The few remaining fact files and numerous report series were compiled by the Army Archives Council Captain of the Reserve Franz Knoch to the stock "War Archive". Furthermore, Knoch worked in parts of the archival material collected by the former Kriegsarchiv - for example from the former registry of the Generalquartiermeisterstabs until 1870 -, then "historical" records of other departments of the ministry, other authorities and troop units, i.e. mostly summarizing reports and memoranda, and finally still "various scattered files and records of Württenberg army members, which were purposefully incorporated into the Kriegsarchiv collection for lack of other classification possibilities". Knoch apparently felt himself that the documents united in this way in one inventory did not quite fit together, nevertheless he completed the find book in 1943. Probably in the same years the majority of the now available archive units were bound in booklet or book form, as was usual at that time with the Army Archives, even if this was not always satisfactory, especially in the case of "General Correspondence". Joachim Fischer and archive inspector candidate Walter Wannenwetsch, the documents classified here from the period up to 1870, then from 1983 onwards Senior State Archives Councilor Dr. Günter Cordes and archive employee Werner Urban further individual pieces in order to insert them into other holdings according to their provenance. Accordingly, only those documents remained which had grown up in the course of business of the War Archives (I and II). In addition, the collection of newspaper clippings kept by the Kriegsarchiv was taken from the aforementioned holdings M 731 "Druckschriften- und Zeitungsausschnittsammlung des Kriegsministeriums" and reintegrated here. In contrast, the other collections of the War Archive mentioned above - field mail letters, photographs - were converted to such an extent that their original condition could no longer be reconstructed in the Army Archives, and they were therefore left as archival collections. As early as 1972/75, Fischer created a separate finding aid book for the business diaries of the War Archive, which had not yet been recorded, and which could now be incorporated unchanged into the new repertory. The order and structure of the holdings are based on the original tasks of the war archives, as Fischer and Wannenwetsch had intended according to a preliminary draft. The order - as well as the naming and spelling - of the listed formations is based on the "Übersicht Friedens- und Feldformationen (Behörden und Truppen) des ehemaligen XIII. Armeekorps und deren Abwicklungsstellen" published in 1920 by the Heeresabwicklungsamt Württemberg (Military Processing Office Württemberg). The creation of separate local, personal and expert directories for the files/volumes and newspaper clippings is intended to facilitate access to the two different groups of archival records. In addition, the keywords for the files/volumes are based on Westenfelder's comprehensive subject title photographs, revised by Fischer, Cordes and Urban. On the other hand, the title recordings made by former Colonel Kurt Hiller around 1940 for the unfinished inventory of newspaper clippings by the Army Archives employee Oberst D. Kurt Hiller, which have now been taken over almost unchanged, go beyond general details of the contents and, especially in the notes on the contents - and thus also in the present index - bring conspicuous details. However, the material content of the newspaper clipping volumes is much more extensive, as can be seen from the content overviews compiled by the War Archives and bound to the volumes; however, it was not possible at present to compile the content of the new finding aid book in detail, which was desirable in itself, mainly for personnel reasons.In the reorganisation of the holdings, 66 archive units were combined with other identical subjects, 24 further, mostly double copies were removed; 349 tufts and volumes were integrated into other holdings in accordance with the provenance, while 2 newspaper cuttings were inserted here again. The collection now comprises 1032 volumes and tufts in 17 metres of shelving. Literature: Joachim Fischer: Das württembergische Kriegsarchiv. On the history of the military archives of Württemberg. In: From the work of the archivist. Festschrift für Eberhard Gönner (Publications of the State Archive Administration Baden-Württemberg Vol. 44). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 1986Stuttgart, December 1985Cordes notes: Comments:(1) The aim of this work was to avoid a situation in which the achievements of the Württembergs would be underestimated in a future General Staff Organisation. The first three volumes were presented to the king on the occasion of the government's anniversary in 1916.(2) Two volumes, edited by Lieutenant Robert Silbereisen of the Reserve and Captain Georg Schmückle of the Reserve, were published by the end of the war.(3) See the appendix

Phototype: Photo. Format: 17,0 X 11,2 Description: large group of women sitting/standing, clothed, in individual groups with bowls and goods (maize).

Photographer: Guth?. Phototype: Photo. Format: 11,2 X 7,9 Description: ju. Men in groups squatting and eating in meadows. Reference: Plate and cardboard no. 59 in negative box.

Generalsuperintendent Ernst Stoltenhoff The office of Generalsuperintendent was created by Cabinet Order of 7 February 1828. It was attached to the consistory of the Protestant Church of the Rhine Province. As a representative of the state church government and in contrast to the synodically elected president of the provincial synod, the general superintendent exercised spiritual leadership as pastor pastorum.Ernst Stoltenhoff (1879-1953) was initially a parish priest in Mülheim/Ruhr and Essen. In 1923, he was appointed senior consistorial councillor at the Evangelical High Church Council in Berlin, where he acted as personnel officer and established numerous ecumenical contacts. In 1928, he succeeded D. Klingemann as General Superintendent of the Rhineland, then based in Koblenz. Reich Bishop Ludwig Müller, in his capacity as Prussian Bishop, ordered Stoltenhoff's dismissal on 1 April 1934, but he was recalled to office with the consent of the newly appointed Reich Minister Kerrl. His second term of office lasted from 25 May 1936 until his retirement on 1 February 1949, and the collection documents all areas of the General Superintendent's business activities from the final phase of the Wimar Republic, including material on the so-called Devaheim scandal. During the Nazi era, Stoltenhoff manoeuvred between the consistory, church committees and the various groups of the Confessing Church. His memoirs were published under the title The Good Hand of God in 1990.

General Superintendent Ernst Stoltenhoff The office of General Superintendent was created by cabinet order of 7 February 1828. It was attached to the Consistory of the Evangelical Church of the Rhine Province. As representative of the state church regiment and in contrast to the synodally elected president of the Provincial Synod, the Superintendent General exercised the spiritual direction as pastor pastorumaus.Ernst Stoltenhoff (1879-1953) was first parish priest in Mülheim/Ruhr and Essen. In 1923 he was appointed to the Evangelical High Council of the Church in Berlin as a consistorial head, where he worked as a personnel officer and established numerous ecumenical contacts. In 1928, as successor to D. Klingemann, he was appointed General Superintendent of the Rhineland with the then official seat in Koblenz. Imperial Bishop Ludwig Müller, in his capacity as Prussian State Bishop, ordered Stoltenhoff's dismissal on April 1, 1934. With the approval of the newly appointed Reich Minister Kerrl, he was recalled to his office. The second term of office lasted from 25 May 1936 until his retirement on 1 February 1949. The inventory documents all areas of the General Superintendent's business activities from the final phase of the Wimar Republic, e.g. material on the so-called Devaheim scandal. During the National Socialist era, Stoltenhoff washed his way between the Consistory, Church committees and the various groups of the Confessing Church. His memoirs were published under the title Die gute Hand Gottes in 1990.

History of the inventor: Under the chairmanship of the factory owner and war-disabled reserve officer Franz Seldte, the Stahlhelm was founded in Magdeburg on 25 December 1918. In particular, former soldiers and officers of the Infantry Regiment 66 quartered in Magdeburg, to which Franz Seldte also belonged, were among the first members. The primary purpose was to "maintain peace and order," i.e., to protect oneself and the police against revolutionary unrest, to "foster comradeship founded in the field," to represent the interests of former front-line soldiers and their relatives (1), and to promote entry into the Free Corps. Almost a year after its foundation, on 21 September 1919, the Stahlhelm with its already existing local groups and other similar groups constituted itself as the Reichsbund der Frontsoldaten (Reich League of Front Soldiers). Magdeburg (2) initially became the administrative centre. The 1st Reichsfrontsoldatentag took place there on 14 March 1920, in the course of which Franz Seldte was elected the 1st Federal Leader of the steel helmet and replaced the previous chairman Dr. Gustav Bünger (3). Seldte maintained this position until the dissolution of the Confederation in 1935. In the following two years, the Federation succeeded in gradually expanding its organization beyond Central Germany, including in Berlin, Brandenburg, Lower Saxony, Pomerania, Silesia and Westphalia. If the steel helmet confessed itself to the new republican form of government when it was founded and as standing above the parties, this gradually changed. He approached the political right, including the German National People's Party (DNVP), and oriented himself "German-racial". The local group in Halle under its leader, the DNVP functionary Kurt Werner, played a major role in this (4). This development was temporarily halted by the prohibition of the steel helmet in Prussia on 2 July 1922, which was effective until 26 January 1923, following the assassination attempt on Reich Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau. In the turbulent year 1923, which was characterized by domestic political conflicts, occupation of the Ruhr, inflation, famine, separatist and communist uprisings and the climax of which was the Hitler-Ludendorff Putsch, which took place in Munich on November 8-9, the anti-democratic orientation of the steel helmet took on more and more form. Again the radical part of the alliance, the Gau Halle, in particular its new leader Theodor Duesterberg, was leading the way (5). If a national dictatorship was now advocated for the stabilization of conditions, coup d'état - at least in its official announcements - was rejected (6). On 9 March 1924 Theodor Duesterberg was appointed the 2nd Federal Leader alongside Franz Seldte. In the official presentation as a milestone in the history of steel helmets, in reality the mutual relationship was marked by repeated differences. With the increasing establishment of parliamentary democracy in the German Reich, the top management of the Stahlhelm was now thinking about the future. The Front Fighters Association wanted to be more than just a pure veteran association. He wanted to "implant" the propagated "spirit of front comradeship" to the entire German people (7). Under the motto "Über die Organisation zur Macht" (8), since the spring of 1924 its activities were extended to include young people (Jungstahlhelm and Scharnhorst) and the generation of over 24-year-olds (Stahlhelm-Landsturm, later Ringstahlhelm) who had no longer been able to participate in the First World War. Here above all the pre-military training stood in the foreground, the steel helmet understood itself nevertheless also as reservoir of the Reichswehr. In 1929, the steel helmet student association "Langemarck" was founded, which brought together the student youth. The steady growth of the covenant exerted an attraction on other federations, which led to them joining the steel helmet (9). In addition to the organizational expansion, the steel helmet also attempted to influence the politics of the Weimar Republic in other ways, albeit with strict emphasis on its "non-partisanship". To achieve this goal, in addition to mass events, propaganda campaigns and appeals to the patriotic sense of duty, personalities with political influence close to the steel helmet also served. The Reich President of Hindenburg was appointed honorary member. The transformation from an original self-protection organization to a political defense organization took on concrete forms. In the mid-twenties, however, it soon became clear that the Frontkämpferbund was often at odds with its principle of "standing above the parties" and its claim to political leadership. One had to leave the extra-parliamentary level in order to gain weight in politics. "Into the state" was now the slogan (10). Although they avoided founding their own party, they formed alliances with others, such as the DVP and the German nationalists, to whom close personal ties had always existed. In the Reich and Prussian state elections of 1928, for example, Stahlhelm members were placed on DNVP lists (11). However, these remained fruitless attempts, which only led to conflicts, which finally prompted the federal leadership to conduct politics on its own initiative (12). First the Federation specified its antirepublican oriented program in the first and second "Steel Helmet Embassies" as well as the "Fürstenwalder Hassbotschaft" (13). According to its self-image, the Federation saw itself as the spearhead of a freedom movement whose goals were "the external and internal liberation of Germany" (14). At the Front Soldier Days in Berlin and Hamburg in 1927 and 1928, as well as at several other propaganda demonstrations, the steel helmet publicly displayed its aversion to the Republic. However, a series of unfortunate decisions, including the 1928 referendum to amend the constitution and the 1929 referendum against the Young Plan, combined with disagreements in federal leadership and political inexperience, showed that the activities of the Stahlhelm in this area were limited. Subsequently, disputes arose, especially with the growing National Socialists, over who should take the lead in the right-wing camp. During the Reichstag elections in September 1930, it became clear that the NSDAP played the leading role. Increasingly, members of the steel helmet, in part even entire local groups, joined this party and the organizations belonging to it (above all SA and SS). The meeting of the leading right-wing parties and associations held in Bad Harzburg in October 1931 and the merger to form the "Harzburger Front" were unable to bridge the existing gap. In the 1932 Reich presidential elections, the competition between the NSDAP and the steel helmet again came to light, with both of their own candidates entering the race: Adolf Hitler stood for the National Socialists, Theodor Duesterberg for the front soldiers (15). After the disastrous outcome of the Reich presidential elections for the Federation, disillusionment spread. The steel helmet put its political ambitions on ice and now turned its attention again increasingly to military sports activities and voluntary work, which was regarded as a substitute for compulsory military service (16). The assumption of political power by the NSDAP in January 1933 was welcomed despite all differences. Among other things, several steel helmets participated in the auxiliary police founded by Hermann Göring in February of the same year together with SA and SS in equalization measures (17). Franz Seldte received the post of Reich Labour Minister (18) in Adolf Hitler's cabinet. In June 1933 the gradual dissolution of the Frontsoldatenbund began. The Scharnhorst-Bund for youths up to the age of 18 was integrated into the Hitler Youth, while the over-18 to 35-year-olds were subordinated to the SA as "Wehrstahlhelm". As a result of the enormous increase in members, a reorganisation of the SA was ordered at the end of 1933. In the course of this now also the core steel helmet (members over 35 years) came as a SA reserve under their command (19). In March 1934 it came to the reestablishment into the National Socialist German Frontkämpferbund (steel helmet). On 7 November 1935 the Frontsoldatenbund was finally dissolved, after it had led only a shadowy existence since the beginning of the "Third Reich". In 1951 a new organization was founded in Cologne under the name of Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten (Steel Helmet, Federation of Front Soldiers). In 1952 the former Field Marshal Albert Kesselring was elected as its federal leader. Notes (1) See Graff, Siegmund: Foundation and Development of the Federal Government, in: Der Stahlhelm. Memories and Pictures, Vol. 1, p. 30-32. (2) See ibid., p. 38. (3) Due to the so-called "Kapp Putsch", which had begun one day earlier, it was, however, only a board meeting and not a mass event like the later Front Soldier Days, which took place annually until 1933, see Berghahn: Stahlhelm, p. 28. (4) See ibid.., (5) Duesterberg, former professional officer, had already been a member of the Halle Stahlhelm since the end of 1919 and at the same time managing director of the Halle-Merseburg constituency of the DNVP, see Berghahn: Stahlhelm, p. 24-25. On 21 April he became the leader of the Halle Stahlhelm-Gaus. (6) Cf. on this subject Berghahn: Stahlhelm, S. 39-53. (7) S. Graff: Gründung, S. 53 (8) S. Berghahn: Stahlhelm, S. 64. (9) So e.g. the Cherusker-und Westfalenbund in October 1924 and the Bund Reichsflagge in October 1927, s. Mahlke: Stahlhelm, S. 150, Sp. 2. (10) This term initially led to misunderstandings in the sense of a turn towards the Republic. In reality one wanted to penetrate the state from within and transform it according to one's own goals, see Berghahn: Stahlhelm, p. 103; Mahlke: Stahlhelm, p. 149, Sp. 1; Graff: Gründung, p. 62-63. (11) Cf. Berghahn: Stahlhelm, p. 109ff. (12) See ibid., p. 112. (13) S. Mahlke: Stahlhelm, p. 151, Sp. 2. (14) S. Graff: Gründung, p. 63. (15) Finally, Hindenburg won again with 53 votes, see Berghahn: Stahlhelm, p. 219. (16) See Berghahn: Stahlhelm, p. 232. (17) S. ibid., p. 252ff. (18) He held this office, albeit without much political influence, until the end of the Third Reich. (19) Cf. Mahlke: Stahlhelm, S. 155, Sp. 1-2. Inventory Description: History of the Inventory With the dissolution of the steel helmet in 1935, the files of the Federal Government reached the Reichsarchiv in Potsdam. The stock was removed around 1944/45 and thus escaped destruction - the Reichsarchiv was bombed on 14 April 1945. The files remained in Potsdam after the Second World War, now in the area of the Soviet occupation zone, and were taken over by the German Central Archive (DZA; later: Central State Archive of the GDR), which was founded there in 1946. They were archived there under the inventory signature 61 Sta 1. In the course of the reunification of the German states in 1990, the documents finally reached the Federal Archives through the integration of the Central State Archives of the GDR. To date, the Federal Archives themselves had preserved only minor remains of the steel helmet under the signature R 72, which had been acquired from private sources (see Gerhard Granier: Das Bundesarchiv und seine Bestände, 3. Aufl., Boppard 1977, p. 437). Archival evaluation and processing The first verifiable processing of the disordered holdings kept in the German Central Archives took place in the years 1957-1960. The work was made more difficult by the fact that the archives did not have any organisational documents or file directories of the steel helmet. In 1967, through the mediation of V.R. Berghahn (author of the book "Der Stahlhelm Bund der Frontsoldaten 1918-1935, Düsseldorf 1966"), the DZA was able to acquire a copy of a list of contributions from the Stahlhelm-Bundesamt from 1935. This list originally came from the possession of Dr. Heinz Brauweiler, last head of the political department of the Stahlhelm-Bundesamt, and was intended to list all files to be handed over to the Reichsarchiv. With the help of this directory, the indexing according to the principles of order and indexing for the state archives of the GDR was completed in 1970. A revision in 1967 of the files of the classification groups 1 (correspondence of the Federal Government), 2 (printed publications) and 4 (pictures) with the help of the above-mentioned list of duties produced the following picture: Classification groups 1: Available: 193 volumes Missing: 28 volumes = approx. 12 classification groups 2: Available: 117 volumes Missing: 55 volumes = approx. 47Classification groups 4: Available: 70 volumes Missing: 33 volumes = approx. 32The particularly high losses in groups 2 and 4 in particular can be explained by a presumably incomplete transfer to the Reich Archives as well as losses during the war-related relocation of the Reich Archives' holdings. In 2003 the steel helmet was re-signed from its former location in the Koblenz office of the Federal Archives and merged with the old Potsdam part under the stock signature R 72. Subsequently, the data from the finding aids were converted into electronic form and transferred to the Basys database. Since the indexing data from the finding aids did not comply with the modern indexing guidelines of the Federal Archives, a revision of the data was necessary, which was carried out in the years 2007-2011. The main focus was on the creation of volume and series sequences, streamlining of the contained notes by highlighting the essential content, review and adjustment, partial modification of the classification. From the collection "NS-Archive of the Ministry for State Security of the GDR" files of the provenance steel helmet were extracted and integrated into the stock R 72. Classification groups 1-3 were particularly affected by this work. Characterization of the contents: The collection provides a good insight into the organizational development of the steel helmet and its affiliated associations, especially at the level of the federal leadership and the regional associations or Gaue, as well as into its activities of various kinds, especially from the beginning of the twenties until its dissolution in 1935. The files of the classification groups 1 and 3 represent the largest part of the transmission of the steel helmet. While in classification group 1 the correspondence of the federal leadership with the regional steel helmet associations as well as other associations, organisations and private persons on the one hand, and on the other hand the files on the Front Soldier Days form the focus of content, in group 3 primarily domestic and foreign policy questions as well as events during the Weimar Republic or at the beginning of the Third Reich are documented. Personal documents are only available on a larger scale to the extent that they concern higher-ranking members of the steel helmet or persons from contemporary history or public life. Membership lists or local group passes are only part of the stock in extremely small quantities. State of development: Findbuch Nachträge in Datenbank Umfang, Explanation: 2336 AE Citation method: BArch, R 72/...

Contains mainly: Presentations and reports of the Rko. strategy and tactics of the KPD before and after the VI World Congress of the KI. apparatus and enlightenment activity among the members of the police and Reichswehr - clashes with the group of rightists and reconciliators in the KPD (Albert Schreiner is mentioned among others), exclusion of the right from the KPD. RFB, League against Imperialism and colonial oppression. Darin: Also includes: Right-wing parties and militaristic organizations.

Contains among other things: Dr. Robert Pfaff-Giesberg Darin: 1. correspondence with other museums on protective measures; 2. transfer of carvings from German New Guinea to the museum